2020: Party Like It’s 1999?
The 2020 stock market is experiencing a light version of the 1999 dot-com bubble, with growth stocks being incredibly expensive and value stocks underperforming. What will the feature bring?
You can listen to a professional narration of this article below:
Excerpted from the IMA fourth quarter 2019 letter to clients.
The stock market marched higher for the year even though US companies as a whole did not become more valuable, just more expensive, as earnings failed to grow from 2018 to 2019. Earnings are estimated to be up about 5% for 2020 (though these estimates are usually revised down as the year progresses). If you look at the quality of this non-growth, then the rose-tinted glasses of the average stock market investor quickly prove inadequate. Corporate debt is up 5% in 2019, and a good chunk of the increase went into stock buybacks. As stocks become more expensive their benefit from earnings per share growth diminishes.
The US economy grew about 4% in 2019 – good news, except that our national debt grew about 5.6%, or about $1.3 trillion; our debt to GDP is over 100%; and paradoxically, the 10-year Treasury yield dropped from 2.6% to 1.9%. Maybe not paradoxically: The Federal Reserve went from a faint attempt of quantitative tightening (it did not even raise rates, it just talked about raising them) starting in the fourth quarter of 2018, which caused stock market to have a mini crash a year ago, to quantitative easing in the second half of 2019, which arguably caused the market to go up.
Just pause for a second, remove your gaze from the stock market, and think: The Federal Reserve is easing (buying debt issued by the US government, of which the Fed itself is an integral part) even as we are in the tenth year of an economic expansion, at full employment, and interest rates are already nearly at zero. What will the Fed do when we actually go into recession?
Also, though the service economy (which is two-thirds of GDP) is growing, our manufacturing economy has been in a recession for over a year.
Party like it’s 1999 – this was the theme of our IMA annual meeting. This is how the stock market feels to us today. No, there are no dot-coms, though temporarily we had dot-cannabis and dot-fake-beef bubbles which got popped. Near zero interest rates, abundant liquidity, and a perceived absence of risk (and fear) turn money into a crude instrument of bubble creation. This is why the stock market is experiencing a lighter version of the millennial lunacy.
Growth stocks are incredibly expensive. Value stocks have underperformed growth stocks for the last ten years. The last time this underperformance was this extreme was… wait for it… 1999.
Historically, value stocks have outperformed growth stocks by a significant margin. But they have gone through painful bouts of underperformance in the past.
Value stocks have however shown some signs of life lately. (We are whispering – we don’t want to tempt the stock market gods).
Growth stocks have outperformed for several reasons. Low interest rates favor the bird in the bush (distant future cash flows) not the bird in hand (high current cash flows). Negative interest rates paradoxically make $100 ten years in the future more valuable than $100 already in your pocket. (Yes, chew on this.)
Investors in search of yield have driven the prices of just about everything skyward, and especially anything that has even the superficial appearance of a bond. We are talking about dividend-paying stocks (the likes of Coke and Kimberly Clark), which are treated as bond substitutes. Anything that resembles a services stock is trading at a dot-comish valuation. These companies have enviable recurring revenues, of which they trade at a 20-25x multiple, and investors cannot get enough of them. (Not earnings, revenues.) This is another example that bubbles are just a good thing taken too far (in this case a great thing).
Passive investing through index funds and ETFs benefits expensive companies, as they have a much larger slot in the indices that are put together based on market capitalization. This will end in tears: An ever-rising stock market and investor feelings of safety, either through owning iconic brand stocks or diversification by means of index funds or ETFs, results in complacency and thus underappreciation of the risk embedded in the Average Joe’s portfolio.
If economic growth continues to march along at the current rate and valuations go on expanding, then the market terrain will continue to be smooth. A race car (a more aggressive strategy) will finish the race faster than a four-wheel-drive (all-terrain) vehicle. But if the terrain turns rocky, the race car won’t even finish the race, while the all-terrain vehicle plows on through.
The problem is that we have no idea what terrain lies ahead of us, so we’ll always err on the side of durability over speed.
We are not excited about the stock market or the economy; but we don’t own the stock market, we own high-quality companies acquired at cheap to fair valuations. Most of our companies (with one or two exceptions) are non-cyclical. We hold plenty of cash, and where we can we hedge. So no, this is not your garden-variety portfolio, but we believe we are prepared for whatever future terrain we find ourselves in.
We feel a bit like sober, not-so-popular kids with eczema at a party where everyone else is drunk on the spiked punch and having a great time. We may feel a little envy right now, and – let’s be honest – we are not having a great time. The more commonsensical and rational you are, the less fun you have been having at this party.
But the party will end (they always do), and we are going to be the designated drivers getting our dates safely home. When the music stops and it’s time to go home, the drunk kids will be carried out and suffer giant hangovers. Just sayin’…. That’s what happened in 2001 and countless other times in history, and it will happen this time, too. We just don’t quite know when.
Chopin Étude
As I sat down to write about Frederic Chopin’s Étude Opus 25, No. 11, called “Winter Wind,” suddenly, out of nowhere, I was overwhelmed with childhood memories. See, the word étude in French means study. When it comes to art – be it music or painting – it really means a short study piece. When I was little my father would take my brother Alex “to etudes.” Sadly, neither my oldest brother, Leo, nor I inherited my father’s gift for painting. Alex did, however, in spades. Painting came easy to him, it fact too easy; he was not challenged by it and gave up painting in his mid-teens. He didn’t start painting again until his late 40s.
I remember my father and Alex leaving for their “études,” carrying small easels with them (in Russian called etudenik) and coming back with a lot of little partially finished paintings. They’d go outside find a subject – a tree, a building, or a street – and start painting. Études were not as much about quality as about quantity. They painted in watercolor, which is an unforgiving medium for mistakes. You only have one chance to get the painting right, otherwise it becomes dirty. Oil in contrast allows you to layer brush stroke on top of brush stroke. So they’d come back with a half a dozen pieces of half-finished work.
For Alex this is where his painting stopped, but for my father this is where it began. He’d lay these paintings out on the floor, take out his big easel, and start work on a large painting based on his études.
Back to Chopin.
Chopin wrote études as practice pieces that each emphasized a certain technique. No. 11 was composed to develop the pianist’s stamina and dexterity of the right hand and flexibility of the left. It is a very technically difficult piece to play. I love the unpredictability and contrast of this étude – its first few bars are very mellow, and then it takes an incredibly violent plunge. The first four bars set up the contrast, deceiving the listener into expecting an easy-listening experience – and this piece is anything but. Interestingly, these four introductory bars were added right before publication.
Vitaliy Katsenelson is the CEO at IMA, a value investing firm in Denver. He has written two books on investing, which were published by John Wiley & Sons and have been translated into eight languages. Soul in the Game: The Art of a Meaningful Life (Harriman House, 2022) is his first non-investing book. You can get unpublished bonus chapters by forwarding your purchase receipt to bonus@soulinthegame.net.
Please read the following important disclosure here.